Heart

An emerging cause of heart attack in young women is a dissection (or tear) in the coronary arteries. Many of these young women continue to have chest pain long after the tear has healed and this is thought to be due to problems with their small blood vessels of the heart (or microcirculation). We want to determine whether commonly used medications for coronary artery disease including statins (for cholesterol) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (for blood pressure) reduce chest pain and improve small vessel function in these patients.

Clopidogrel is an anti-platelet medication approved by the U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for use in patients who undergo Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) with coronary stent implantation. Anti-platelet medications work to prevent blood clots from forming. Some studies have suggested that patients who have a certain genetic liver enzyme abnormality (known as cytochrome P450 2C19 [CYP2C19] *2 or *3 allele) may have a reduced ability to activate clopidogrel, and therefore may have a lowered response to clopidogrel.

SCAD (Spontaneous coronary artery dissection - tear in the arterial wall that is not related to trauma) is an under-diagnosed and poorly understood condition that mostly affects young women without common cardiovascular risk factors, and can result in heart attack and death. This observational study is designed to capture the disease's natural history and predisposing arteriopathies (medical conditions resulting in changes in the arteries), treatment strategies, long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

The Post-Approval Study (PAS) is a prospective multi-center, non-randomized, single arm, controlled,unblinded clinical study designed to provide long-term safety and effectiveness of the Arctic Front® Cardiac CryoAblation System.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) closure, using the AMPLATZER PFO Occluder, is superior to current standard of care medical treatment in the prevention of recurrent embolic stroke.

To establish the safety and efficacy of the commercially approved XIENCE Family Stent System (inclusive of XIENCE PRIME, XIENCE V, XIENCE Xpedition and XIENCE PRO [for use outside the United States [OUS] only]) in subjects with unprotected left main coronary artery disease by comparing to coronary artery bypass graft surgery.